Sunday, May 17, 2020
The Violence Of Rap And Rap - 1633 Words
Introduction Crime is culture. Wait, what? Believe it or not crime is a culture that has developed rapidly this past century. Rap, over the years has changed in many ways such that it went from being condemned by the public to being mainstream, it is now being used to aid teens with psychological troubles, and more. This leads to the question to be answered: How has the change from condemning drug use and illegal acts in rap to glorifying it influenced youth over the last two decades? The evolution of rap has in many ways positively affected the youth but, equally, has fueled many negative actions of the youth. Rap Therapy In todayââ¬â¢s ever evolving world there have been numerous distinctive solutions to help those who suffer fromâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦29). This statement relates to the field theory that states behavior is a function of the person and environment (Elligan, 2000, p. 29). The assertion made by Elligan in relation to the field theory goes on to specifically demonstrate how behavior and psychiatric problems are often differently altered depending on the style of rap the person most commonly listens to. In relation to rapââ¬â¢s effect on psychiatric therapy patientââ¬â¢s behavior this leads to the next topic cultures of crime and cultures of resistance. Listening to Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance The studies of three researchers confirm the stereotype between rap and violent crime tied along with strong feelings of social injustice to be only true to an extent. On the contrary, the same studies do prove the description of rap as ââ¬Å"protest musicâ⬠to be true as they examine aspects of social injustice, violent crime and property crime. One study conducted by Tanner Wortley in Canada revealed a reason behind black youths feeling of injustice after numerous blacks stating they felt as though they are more likely to be randomly checked by police than other racial groups (Tanner, Julian, Asbridge, Wortley, 2009, p. 699). Another segment of research conducted by Wortley describes blacks as being wrongfully depicted in a small range of activities and roles along with commonly being portrayed as the offender inShow MoreRelatedViolence in Rap Music572 Words à |à 2 PagesRap Music: Does it make people violent Rap music is one of the elements of Hip-Hop music. It is the form of rhyming lyrics spoken rhythmically over musical instruments with a musical backdrop of sampling, scratching and mixing. Rap music became popular in early 80ââ¬â¢s. In 1989 a group Niggaz Wit Attitudes came from Los Angeles and changed the rap music. This changed rap was the start of Gangsta Rap, in which they talked about violence, crime and killing. With the popularity of Gangsta rap, everyoneRead More Violence In Rap Music Essay2087 Words à |à 9 Pageskind of lyrics that unload clips, these are the sounds that rap music produces. I chose this topic because I am extremely interested in rap music and I want to explore the violent aspect of the industry. I have never had a chance to look at the violent side of it and I plan to find answers to questions I have in my search. Tupac Shakur is one of my favorite artists and when he was shot and killed I really started to take notice of the violence. People were getting killed because of an image that wasRead MoreEssay abo ut Rap Music and Teen Violence 944 Words à |à 4 Pagesreflection of our life experiences. Each genre of music invokes different emotions and reactions in its listeners. Rap has become a very popular genre of music. As its popularity has increased, some people have questioned whether it can trigger violence in teens. While some rap songs do have violent lyrics, there is no direct evidence that rap music provokes violence in teenagers. Rap music has African roots just like jazz, the blues and rock ââ¬Ënââ¬â¢ roll. African slaves sang songs to tell storiesRead MoreRap Music Is Not The Only Type Of American Music Associated With Sex And Violence1508 Words à |à 7 PagesRap music is not the only type of American music associated with sex and violence. The history of Rockââ¬â¢s Roll for example, is a good example. The same arrangements, with white people at the top, uplifted an entire American generation on sex and violence in other types of music. Now they are doing the same with rap music (Roberts, 1994). Rappers have thus been forced to abandon the stated goal of their humble beginning to conform to the marketable aspects of their crafts. (Rebollo-Gil Moras, 2012)Read MoreMusic Lyrics Do Not Promote Violence1697 Words à |à 7 PagesMusic Lyrics being NON-VIOLENT Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are qu ite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldnââ¬â¢t believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldnââ¬â¢t censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to theRead MoreRap and Moral character1407 Words à |à 6 PagesIn the article Rap and Moral Character by Susan Dwyer, the subject of concern is the consequences of listening to rap music and the effect it has on moral character. The author argues that rap music contribute to the corruption of moral character, it is misogynistic, promotes violence and street crime. In this paper I will examine the authorââ¬â¢s claims, use of key concepts, and her reasoning. By doing so, I will be able to demonstrate that Dwyerââ¬â¢s thesis is unjust and unsupported. In what follows,Read MorePros And Cons Of Rap Music1276 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe song. Relating to one of the most popular genres listened to, rap. Although it may be enjoyable at times, it consistently uses explicit content in the music that relates to wrong actions such as violence, crime, drugs, etc. In the article, Changing Images of Violence in Rap Music Lyrics: 1979-1997, by Denise Herd, published by Palgrave Macmillan Journals and Journal of Public Health Policy (2009), demonstrates the cons of rap music and how it has affected people of different ages mentally andRead MoreIs All Rap Music Promoting And Glorifying Crime And Degrading1351 Words à |à 6 Pages Is all rap music promoting and glorifying crime and degrading women? This is a question that is asked often and the general consensus is that, yes, it does. Is there any evidence however to back up these claims and are the rappers intending their music to be seen in a negative aggressive way. I donââ¬â¢t necessarily think that rap music does anything but give the musician an outlet for their talent and use topics like women and crime in their songs for commercialization and to create an image that rappersRead MoreRap Music : Hip Hop Essay1509 Words à |à 7 PagesRap, or hip hop as some call it, ranks in the top ten of most popular music genres in the world. Since it burst on the scene in the late 1970s, rap music changed the landscape of the music industry, especially for African-American artists. The genre accredited some of the biggest names in the music industry. Popular artists like LL Cool J, Tupac, Notorious B. I. G., Jay-Z, Kanye West, and many others produce, or have pro duced, millions of hip-hop records. The secret to the success of hip hop centersRead MoreHow Rap Music Is The Best Results1259 Words à |à 6 Pagesrhythm.â⬠For mental health, in Pete Cashmoreââ¬â¢s article, he says ââ¬Å"rap music, says the Cambridge University department of psychiatry, and is therapeutic for those of us experiencing mental health issues. Cashmore expresses how ââ¬Å"rap music is as open about mental illness as it is about most other aspects of life.â⬠This proves how Rap music can talk about serious topics besides sex, drugs, and money. I accommodate anyone to listen to Rap music because itââ¬â¢s real, poetic, observant, and artistic. The only
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Professional Ethics Professional Ethical Framework
Joy Thomas Week 4-5 M3 Assignment - Create your own Ethical Framework Professional Ethical Framework in School Counseling Preamble The American School Counselor Association is a professional organization whose members have a unique and distinctive preparation, grounded in the behavioral sciences, with training in clinical skills adapted to the school setting. The school counselor assists in the growth and development of each individual and uses highly specialized skills to protect the interests of the client within the structure of the school system. The Ethical Standards for School Counselors were developed to clarify the nature of ethical responsibilities held in common by school counseling professionals. The purpose is to serve as a guide for the ethical practices of all professional school counselors regardless of level, area, and population served. As well as provide benchmarks for both self appraisal and peer evaluations. School Counselors follow the basic tenets of the counseling process from which professional responsibilities are derived. Responsibilities to myself Each person has the right to privacy and thereby the right to expect the counselor-counselee relationship to comply with all laws, policies, and ethical standards pertaining to confidentiality. The client has the right to respect and dignity as a human being and to counseling services without prejudice as to person, character, belief, or practice regardless of age, color, disability, ethnic group,Show MoreRelatedCareer Of Software Engineering And Computer Ethics1341 Words à |à 6 PagesProfessional Issues - Ethics Abuah Chukwuedo KingsleyâËâ" October 29, 2014 âËâ" A report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for COMP10120, School of Computer Science, University of Manchester. 1 Contents 1 Summary 3 2 Introduction 3 2.1 What is Ethics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Prac- tice 3 4 Analysis 3 5 Comparison 5 6 Bibliography 5 2 1 Summary â⬠The Case of the Killer Robot is a detailed scenario thatRead MoreThe Ethical Framework Of Accounting897 Words à |à 4 Pagesinvestors, creditors rely on accounting ethics. The accounting profession requires honesty, consistency with industry standards, and compliance with laws and regulations. The ethics increase the responsibility and integrity of accounting professionals, and public trust. The ethical requirements influence the management behavior and decision-making. The financial scandal of Enron and Arthur Anderson demonstrates the failure of fundamental ethical framework, such as off-balance sheet transactions,Read MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Its Ethical Standards Essay1311 Words à |à 6 PagesThe formal definition of ethics is as follows, moral principles that govern a personââ¬â¢s behaviour or the conducting of an activity or alternatively the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles. (Ethics definition: dictionary.com, 2014) The Code and Standards where first created in the 1960s and have been updated regularly since then. The Code of Ethics is an ethical benchmark for investment professionals around the world. The standards have generally been adopted regardless of job functionRead MoreCode of Ethics Assignment1001 Words à |à 5 PagesUnderstand the role of codes of ethics and discuss its function as a social tool in ensuring ethical behaviors are in place (use the registration of engineers act 1967 as a guide line). To be a professional there are a certain set of rules that you have to comply to this rules. Engineering societies in this case have adopted a set of rules knows as the code of ethics. Basically, a code of ethics provides a framework for ethical judgment for a professional. [1] Framework meaning there is no absoluteRead MoreManagement Accounting : Code Of Ethics1588 Words à |à 7 PagesAccountantsââ¬â¢ Code of Ethics A code of ethics is necessary for the success of any type of business whether it be a professional service organization such as a law firm or an accounting firm, a manufacturing company such as Chrysler, Toyota, Apple or Microsoft, or a retail company such as Walmart or Target. Within each type of organization lie various types of services that are governed or controlled by a specific set of standards and code of ethics. Each set of standards and code of ethics is designed byRead MoreEthical Codes And Guidelines Are Not Like Basic Recipes1468 Words à |à 6 PagesEthics is an ongoing process in counseling in which every counselor should have some sort of knowledge about. Standard ethical codes and guidelines are not like basic recipes. They are very broad and vague. Ethical codes are often use for what you need to do, but not always how you should do it. Ethics is a word thatââ¬â¢s widely used and an integral piece to the helping profession. Ethics is important for all ind ividuals who are working in the helping profession, including mental health, rehabilitationRead MoreApplying Ethical Framework in Practice1100 Words à |à 5 PagesApplying Ethical Framework in Practice 1. Ethical implications of a breach of confidentiality Ethics is the concept of right and wrong and thus it is difficult to come to a universal standpoint as to what should be right and wrong. In the context of the medical field, professionals are constantly engaged in accessing very delicate and sensitive information about people and patients. Thus, such professionals are regularly facing the circumstances in regards to concepts such as confidentiality andRead MoreCode Of Ethics Of Ieee. Computer Society1597 Words à |à 7 Pages1Introduction Today, established ethical frameworks play a vital role in companies and organisations, espe- cially in big ones. Ethical framework, also known as code of conduct and code of ethics, is a set of guidelines, recommendations and rules, which specify expected behaviour and possible options how to make ethical decision, under different circumstances. It is crucial for every institution to set up ethical framework in order to prevent specific problems and to have es- tablished policy toRead MorePersonal Vs. Professional Ethics Essay1549 Words à |à 7 PagesAssignment 1 Personal v/s Professional Ethics The Oxford (Dictionary) defines ethic as a set of moral principles, forming a system. (Durant 1961) defines ethic as ââ¬Ëthe ideal conductââ¬â¢. But none of them mention who creates these moral principles, who decides what is immoral, how does one state what ideal conduct is, and whether these definitions change from person to person, time to time and in different situations. (Jindal-Snape and Hannah 2014) describe three forms of ethics that an individual is exposedRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Conduct1564 Words à |à 7 PagesEthics is defined in multiple ways. These are considered as rules or regulations which sense the right or wrong doing related to any individual. Ethics in professional life can be defined as the sense of a person with which is responsible for controlling that routine practice of a particular person with which he can distinguish between right and wrong (Resnik, 2011). In professional fields, the importance of ethics canââ¬â¢t be denied. Every profession makes use of certain guidelines on the basis of
Marketing Communications Plan for Micromax Informatics Ltd - Sample
Question: Discuss about the Marketing Communications Plan for Micromax Informatics Ltd. Answer: Introduction Businesses are created with the main aim of making huge profits margins hence ensuring they have perpetual existence. Achievement of these goals and objectives, managers, must put up strategies to be followed by the stakeholders thereby guaranteeing the success of the firms. Shareholders put their trust to the managers of their business that they will manage it accordingly ensuring its growth and development. Business success is a shared objective by all the stakeholders, and therefore all people involved in firms activities are essential for its survival. Customers are the buyers and consumers of any companies' products, and therefore they are very crucial for the survival of the firm (Villarejo-Ramos, and Sanchez-Franco, 2005, pp.431-444). Therefore, managers must ensure that the company meets the needs and demands of the customers to attract them to purchase its products. These report will focus on themarketing plan for the Micromax Informatics Ltd in India to ensure it remains co mpetitive and has high sales in the market. Technological improvement globally has led to the emergence of many firms which use the new technology to create goods and services. Micromax Informatics Ltd is a market leader in the communication industry in India and has established its name creating psyche among the customers to acquire its products. The company deals with many mobile devices and thus meeting the needs of its market in India entirely. Some of the services it offers to the customers include superb imaging, better music, Navigation, Games, Videos, Television and also Business mobility. The company controls India market and as a domestic firm it has the highest sales since its products are cheap and affordable to the many people in the country. The company was incorporated in 2000 and became Micromax Informatics Ltd. It was during this time it started selling mobile phones and offering a wide range consumer electronics, IT and telecom products to the Indian market. The firm since then has grown to a significant competitor in the market having massive sales and creating high employment opportunities. The greatest competitors of the firm are Samsung and the Apple Inc. which control 33% and 8% of the market respectively. The company has made significant innovation in technology attracting a large number of people in India. Most of the company's employees are composed of the Indians thus making it create loyalty among the people thus making them its primary market for its goods and services (Arora, and Arora, 2015, pp. 1-22). Selecting the Target audience Firms' potential customers make up the target audience. Therefore, a company must ensure that the target audience gets its goods and services to make it have high sales. It should locate its store near the customers who are the potential buyers. Micromax Informatics Ltd target audience is the citizens of India who makes its primary market. The firms must, therefore, built stores all over the country to make them available to all the potential customers. Choosing the target audience would also help the company in decision-making regarding the numbers and areas to open shops. The company must divide the country into segments which shows the location of the target market or audience (Ray, et al. 1973). Understanding Target audience Decision-Making The different target audiences have different tastes and preferences. The firms must be able to know the needs and demand of each audience to ensure that the products and services available to them meet their requirements. These would increase the sales of the company enormously. Awareness of the needs of the audience can help the firm make products that satisfy the needs of that particular audience. The firm can also know what the audience desire and therefore a business opportunity can arise for the company to cater for in the area. Different target has different purchasing power, and when the firm understands its market, it can formulate costs of products accordingly (Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt, 1997). Determining the Best Positioning When the products of a firms are available to the different audiences, they must be placed in strategic places. These areas must be accessible to the potential customers quickly to facilitate the purchase. The Micromax Informatics Ltd should ensure that the areas of stores locations are the readily available, i.e., availability of transport means to and from the premises. Best positioning ensures that the products and services attract a large market thus increasing its profit margin. Positioning involves choosing of particular areas in the selected segments which are believed to have high numbers of customers (Dibb, 2010). Developing a Communications Strategy Marketing involves creating awareness to the potential customers on the existence of products of a firm that can meet their needs. Awareness can only be achieved by putting into account good communication strategies to reach out to the customers. Communication gives information to the buyers about a firm and its products thus attracting them to make purchases. The company must use the communication strategy which is straightforward and easy for the customers to understand to get high sales. Advertisement, personal selling, and other media should bring value to the firm regarding increasing its customer's base (Weinstein, 2004). Findings Micromax Informatics Ltd has engaged in Corporate Social Responsibility by starting programs that give back to the society. They help solve the social and environmental needs of the society, e.g., in the education sector, culture, sports, social welfare and in community development. The company has ethical principles which ensure that it operates as per the regulations. These activities make the firm's areas of operation conducive. The company has attracted a large market in India especially in the mobile sector with the majority of the people using its devices since they are cheap and of high quality (Percy, 2014). Conclusion and Recommendation The company market in India is great, but the management must always make strategies that will ensure it remains competitive. Business trends keep on changing, and therefore the managers must carry out continuously research to ensure they stay in line with the trends. Micromax Informatics Ltd should employ creative and innovative staff who can produce products that meet the customers' needs. It should always use technology in its operation to be able to increase the profit margins. Since the company brand name is respected for quality products, it should use it to its advantage to get many customers and increase its sales globally. The managers should use the high population as an advantage to increase its sales. Intensivemarketing strategies must be used to ensure all Indians purchase the firms products (Cravens, and Piercy, 2006). References Arora, S. and Arora, S., 2015. Micromax Informatics Ltd: Marketing strategy for emerging markets.Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies,5(5), pp.1-22. Cravens, D.W. and Piercy, N., 2006.Strategic marketing(Vol. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill. Dibb, S., 2010. Market Segmentation SuccessMaking it Happen!Strategic Direction,26(9). Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R.A., 2014.Blue ocean strategy, expanded edition: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Harvard business review Press. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Ray, M.L., Sawyer, A.G., Rothschild, M.L., Heeler, R.M., Strong, E.C. and Reed, J.B., 1973. Marketing communication and the hierarchy-of-effects. Tidd, J., Bessant, J.R. and Pavitt, K., 1997.Managing innovation: integrating technological, market and organizational change(Vol. 4). Chichester: Wiley. Villarejo-Ramos, A.F. and Sanchez-Franco, M.J., 2005. The impact of marketing communication and price promotion on brand equity.Journal of Brand Management,12(6), pp.431-444. Weinstein, A., 2004.Handbook of market segmentation: Strategic targeting for business and technology firms. Psychology Press.
Monday, April 20, 2020
The Metomorphisis Essay Example For Students
The Metomorphisis Essay Word Count: 452Gregor was the most unselfish person inThe Metamorphosis. This characteristic shows with hisdedication to his work. He was the only family member witha job, believing he was the only one capable of it. Sacrificinghis social life for his work, he had no friends at work, andnever went out at night. His only hobby was fretwork, sittingalone in his room. The only person he was ever intimate withwas his sister Grete. His devotion to his work wasremarkable. In all of the five years he had worked for hisfathers creditor, he had never once been absent. Alwaysready to go out on his rounds as early as possible, he nevertook advantage of time for a break. By the time he got back,the other employees were still eating breakfast. Under thebelief that he was the sole provider for the family, Gregortook up a job with his fathers creditor, before evenconsulting his family. We will write a custom essay on The Metomorphisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They, at the time, were of courseimpressed. The flat they were living in was chosen byGregor. Making enough money, he hired a cook andservant. He was even thinking of sending Grete to theconservatorium to further enhance what he believed to bemusical talents. Even after his metamorphosis, he neverasked for much. Showing his concern for others wellbeing,he hid under the couch so as not to disgust anyone by hissight. Although they brought him food everyday, he barelyate any of it. He even wished he were not such a burden onthe family, and that he could have transformed back into hisold self. All of the actions mentioned above displayedGregors unselfishness. After his metamorphosis, nobodyindicated they were grateful for what he had done. After hisfirst absence, the chief clerk himself appeared at Gregorshouse to see what was the matter. When Gregor did notopen his door, the chief clerk accused him of stealing thecompanys funds, and degraded him in front of his parents asbeing insubordinate. After the transformation, Gregorsfather gave little or no love or support. Instead, he had hurtGregor many times while ushering Gregor back into theroom. Grete and her mother do, for some time, show a littlesupport. After having Gregor around for a while howeverGrete asserted that they should somehow get rid of him. Atthis point, Gregor realized that his family no longer loves him,and gave up on life. Although Gregor did aid his family in acritical time of need, they hardly acknowledged this fact afterhis transformation. They never even tried to understand him.For the past five years, he provided for his family, and whenhe needed them, they did not care. After his metamorphosis,they all got jobs, something Gregor thought they wereincapable of. After his death, they moved out of the flat,which was too expensive for them, leaving all of theirmemories, starting anew without him.
Sunday, March 15, 2020
Getting Rid of Aids essays
Getting Rid of Aids essays We all know what Lepercy is from the bible, but do you know why it isnt as big as it used to be? The answer to this question is because all these people were put into strict living quarters by themselves. The only people that lived within miles of them were people with Lepercy. My bill states that we should take all HIV positive people and simply either ship them to a remote and deserted area or give them the opportunity to fight for their country in the army or navy. The government will simply provide blood tests to all American citizens. You will be given a short amount of time to make your decision to either stay and fight for your country or be immediately shipped to the Sahara Desert where you will die eventually. After the government gets a majority or if not all the HIV positive people out of the United States or have them fighting in a different country the Aids rate will rapidly fall. The Aids virus is only spread through blood, sex, etc. so if these people are not hav ing sex the virus will simply end after a few years, because I know you and I would both not like to have this deadly virus therefore we would stop it just like they stopped Lepercy. They have the choice of joining the army where they will be fed and have shelter and etc. and they will be helping the U.S. win wars and other problems with neighboring countries. If I was one of these people this is the route I would take. All immigrants that would like to come to the U.S. are more then welcome but will be met at the border by border patrol to inflict a blood test. If they are clean they are more then welcome if they are infected they will be given the choices or be turned away. Scientists have been searching for a cure for AIDS for years, we can simply end all this hard work after we get rid of the problem. I will provide you with an analogy: Lets say you come home one night after a birthday party and you have a piece of pizza which symbol...
Friday, February 28, 2020
Accident Victim Interview Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Accident Victim Interview Report - Essay Example As soon as he lifted his second foot to take a further step backwards, there was no floor beneath. Next moment, Paul was on the first floor. He had fallen head down and the back of his head struck against the corner of the first stair. The stair was made in concrete and had not yet been plastered or tiled. Paul was not wearing helmet while plastering, so he received scars on the back of his head. He started to bleed heavily. The foreman noticed him and immediately reported the case to the engineer. The engineer called for the safety officer and called the first aid. The safety officer took notes and escorted Paul to the nearest hospital. Paul received five stitches in the head. Surprisingly, he did not have any fracture. He was lucky enough to remain safe and sound. After taking his X-ray, the doctor said that the scars were not deep and had not penetrated into the skull. Paul had only had his skin cut. The doctor proposed that Paul should take a bed rest for at least two weeks befor e going to work. The construction company he was employed in paid for his medical expenses. After two weeks, the scars had sufficiently healed. The doctor undid the bandage. Paul was feeling ok then and would be at work the following day. The incident was reported to OSHA. OSHA team visited the construction site and instructed the General Manager (GM) to bring certain changes in the workplace within a specified duration. Following the incident, the safety officer ensured that every worker wore the helmet. To achieve this, he announced with due approval of the GM that any worker found without a helmet on the site would be fined along with his foreman. Every worker would receive three fines before getting terminated from work, and the successive fines would be larger. The safety officer also got scaffolding fixed aside every staircase in every house on the construction site. In addition to that, all workers were called in a
Wednesday, February 12, 2020
Compare and Contrast the Great Depression with the Recent Great Essay
Compare and Contrast the Great Depression with the Recent Great Recession - Essay Example Depression affected the economic sustainability of many nations which led to a steep increase in the unemployment rates along with the frequencies of bankruptcy in financial as well as agricultural sectors. According to various economists, the major causes which led to the great depression related to the fluctuations of stock markets along with divestments in the agricultural sectors. It is worth mentioning that according to the perceptions of various researchers, the breakdown of stock market in the year 1929, popularly known as Black Thursday, is one of the significant causes of great depression. It caused countless side effects, such as increased rate of poverty, infringed living standard, declined real GDP, turbulent financial sector, and highly unstable political system. In addition, the export-import activities of the nations were also hampered that significantly reduced the revenue earned through foreign trade and thus resulted in a drought condition of the economies (Michl, T . R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠). On the other hand, a great recession is the cause of economic decline. The major causes for recession can be identified as the imbalanced distribution of resources, relaxation in the mortgage standards, and distortions in real estate market. Moreover, due to inflation, the oil prices also increased to a large extent all over the world leading to recession (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠). The AS-AD model depicts the relationship between Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). In a general AS-AD model, the determinants are Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve (SRAS), Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve (LRAS) and real GDP. In this model, price level is described on the vertical axis and the real GDP on the horizontal axis with the intention to depict the changes occurring in the two aspects in relation to the changes of AS and AD (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠). Figure 1: AS-AD Model in General Terms Sou rce: (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠). During great depression, a simultaneous decrease of AD, LRAS and SRAS curves can be witnessed. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it resulted in decline of real GDP, price level as well as sharp movement of LRAS and SRAS curves. In the below figure, it is clearly shown that due to depression, LRAS0 shifts downward to LRAS1,similar to the SRAS0 and AD0. Consequently, the price level also shifts from original P0 to P1 and real GDP from Q0 to Q1. This reveals that every component tends to be downward slopping during great depression which creates a negative impact on the price level as well as on the real GDP (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠). Figure 2: AS-AD Curve during Great Depression Source: (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠) On the other hand, during great recession, Aggregate Demand (AD) curve slopes downward on the SRAS curve which tends to decrease the price level and real GDP, result ing in contractionary gap between LRAS and AD causing a recession in the economic environment. In the figure below, it can be witnessed that due to recession AD0 shifts to AD1 quite sharply. As a result, the real GDP also falls from Q0 to Q1 as well as the price level (P) that shifts from P0 to P1 causing the contractionary gap (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠). Figure 3: AS-AD Model in Great Recession Source: (Michl, T. R., ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic Theoryâ⬠) On the similar context, the federal fiscal policy was also
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